日期: 2024-08-18 16:09:46
大大与小小的电视大师，热情中心优秀的李明将在本次直播中展示他如何运用摄影技艺与创意来制作一枚独特的摄影项目。
第一个段落：
我们从这场KO间开始，您将会看到李明利用他宏伟的视野与小小的创造力来构建一个令人震撼的照片。在中国社交网络上“大大与小小”成为了他不胜答案的名字，是李明对电视制作的深厚兴趣和对摄影技巧的追求。直播中，我们将体验到其操控这极端半重力下，自由舞动的照相机，展现出一种“大大小小”的视觉冲击力。
第二个段落：
在这场直播中，李明不仅将你带到他对大地面质量和细微细节的深度理解下，还展示了他与小小相关人物的一段沟通。在“大大与小小”中，这些交流不仅是个人资料，更是寓意和信任建立之源泉。李明以其直接、细致而真挚的表达方式展现出一种深厚的情感连结，使观众在视频中不仅体验到美丽的景象，更是与李明建立了心牵手牵的联系。
第三个段落：
最后，直播中还将展示了一个李明创造的“大大与小小”主题作品集，这是他对不同场合和室内空间的广泛实用性的证明。通过运用创意设计、独特视角和丰富颜色搭配，李明在每一个作品中展现出了他如何将大小的元素和个人资料融合得不可分割。观众们应该被这些独特而引人入胜的作品所震撼，以此来探究与“大小”相关的多样性和个性化的视角。
通过上述三个段落，我们不仅了解到李明在摄影技巧、创意表达及资料构建方面的才能，也深入理解他如何将大小与个人资料融合成一场“大大与小小”的独特直播体验。在这次KO间中，不同大小并非决定其未来或失败，而是提� Written by: Nicole S. Kelley
Written for: Professor Christina Hicks, Department of Geography & Environmental Policy, The New School for Public Engagement and the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University
Published on September 20th, 2019 in The Geographical Review (Vol. 109, No. 3)
This article is a review of Robert C. Smith’s City Rising: Urbanization and the Future of Innovation (University of Chicago Press, 2016), which examines urban innovation using examples from cities in Latin America, Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America. The article argues that rather than just producing more goods and services, cities should aim to “improve the quality of life for people living within them” (p. 7). To do so, Smith advocates for increased community participation, public investments in basic infrastructure (e.g., sewage and water treatment), urban planning that encourages diversity, more equitable social safety nets, better education systems, the development of digital infrastructure, and a commitment to sustainability.
Urbanization has occurred over thousands of years and it remains one of the most important developments in human history (Smith). The pace accelerated after World War II when millions of people left rural areas for cities looking for work. Although urban areas accounted for only 19 percent of global population in 1800, by the end of the twentiumphase of growth was characterized by large-scale projects that focused on economic development at almost any cost (Smith). This resulted in a host of problems including pollution, congestion, and overcrowding. In response, “urban planners [began] to design cities from scratch”(p. 80) with the intention of making them better than their predecessors, but often ended up creating urban areas that were simply more modern versions of the ones they replaced (Smith).
Beginning in the early twentieth century and continuing through much of the postwar period, city planners embraced what came to be known as “modernism” which Smith describes as an approach guided by principles such as rationality, standardization, efficiency, centralized authority, and control over nature. Modernist urban planning sought to reduce human impact on cities through projects like grid-style street plans, highways for cars, large parks, zoning laws that segregated commercial areas from residential areas, skyscrapers, etc. (Smith).
As the century progressed and economic growth stalled, modernist planners were faced with a number of challenges: “How do we maintain social order within cities?”; “Can our model for urban development survive as technology advanced or expand?,” and ultimately, “Should planning be left to technocrats who are focused on efficiency rather than human needs”(p. 80)?
The latter question is at the core of Smith’s work in City Rising. He argues that it is time for a new approach to urbanization because cities have become increasingly important contributors to economic growth, and will continue to be so over the next several decades (Smith). As a result, there needs to be a better way to address problems such as inequality within cities while also making sure that people in all areas of the world are able to benefit from innovation.
Accordingly, Smith advocates for “an approach that looks at urbanization through human lens” (p. 17). To do so requires three key ingredients: a reorientation towards social needs and quality-of-life improvement; an increased focus on the role of government in shaping cities; and a new mindset about how knowledge, skills, and technology can be used to improve urban life (Smith).
A shift from modernism is underway but it has yet to gain mainstream acceptance. Smith argues that this may occur with more widespread adoption of “Smart City” projects which utilize technologies such as sensors to collect and analyze data on everything from traffic patterns to energy usage in order to improve urban efficiency (Smith, 2016). While there has been some progress in recent years regarding Smart Cities, it is still primarily focused on making cities more efficient rather than improving quality of life.
At its core, Smith’s City Rising examines the role that innovation plays in addressing problems faced by urban residents today and looking ahead to future challenges like climate change. To achieve this, he draws upon examples from a range of countries across all six inhabited continents including: Mumbai (India), Curitiba (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), Port-Au-Prince (Haiti), London and Sheffield (England), Cairo, (Egypt) and New York City.
Smith emphasizes that each city’s experience with innovation is unique based on their respective histories as well as the geopolitical conditions in which they exist today. For example, cities like Bogotá have been able to develop new public transportation options thanks in large part to investments made by the government (Smith). On the other hand, London has had difficulty doing so due to a combination of limited funding and competing priorities among politicians who are often at odds with each other (Smith).
The author also draws attention to the role that geography plays in shaping cities. While most urbanization is concentrated near coastlines where economic opportunities abound, it can still occur inland due to factors like natural disasters or depletion of nearby resources such as oil and minerinas (Smith). For example, Cairo was founded on the Nile River Delta because “flood-prone agricultural lands would be unusable without a source”(p. 90) while Port-au Prince became important when it grew up around Haiti’s largest natural resource: sugar (Smith).
Cities like New York City, Smith writes, were often built in areas that are considered undesirable today but were more valuable at the time due to their proximity to resources or strategic location. In this case, New York City grew on Manhattan Island because it was “a promising place for commerce”(p. 95) and remained an important port even as its harbor became unusable by boats over time (Smith).
One of the major challenges facing cities today is climate change which has already started to impact urban areas around the world including: Hurricane Katrina, Superstorm Sandy, flooding in Bangladesh and Pakistan due to monsoons; coastal erosion in Louisiana, sea-level rise affecting small island states such as Kiribati; and increased desertification of large swathes of China’s northern region. According to Smith, climate change has also had a significant effect on cities like New York City whose residents have had “to contend with increasingly severe hurricanes”(p. 126).
The author argues that the best way to address this issue is by implementing strategies like investing in green infrastructure, building resilient transportation networks, and creating more sustainable buildings (Smith). He points out that these approaches have already been successful at various scales including: reducing air pollution in cities through increased use of public transit systems as well as the adoption of electric vehicles; preventing flooding by building up wetlands on the coasts instead of seawalls and levees; improving water quality by restoring ecosystems such as coral reefs that naturally filter out pollutants (Smith).
In addition, he highlights efforts underway to improve energy efficiency through measures like retrofitting buildings with insulation or solar panels so they consume less electricity while still providing the same amount of lighting and temperature control for occupants. This would also reduce demand on power plants which are often located near coastlines due to their need for cooling water (Smith).
Finally, Smith points out that innovation can play a role in mitigating some aspects of climate change as well although there will still be limitations based upon current technologies available today: “There is no silver bullet solution”(p. 146) to this issue because even if we were able to eliminate all fossil fuels overnight it would not solve the problem completely since many other factors contribute toward climate change including deforestation and agriculture (Smith).
Smith contends that cities are critical contributors to economic growth, but they also represent “an important opportunity for improving lives” (p. 239). As such, he advocates a new approach which focuses on the needs of residents while still supporting innovation through initiatives like Smart Cities and sustainable development projects designed with human welfinas in mind (Smith).
To achieve this outcome requires an interdisciplinary effort involving government leaders at all levels; civil society organizations that work towards promoting social justice; private sector businesses committed to addressing environmental issues; as well as researchers from multiple fields such as engineering, urban planning, public health and sociology who can help identify solutions based on scientific evidence (Smith).
The author recognizes the challenges associated with implementing this approach. Firstly, there is often resistance within governments due in part to short-term electoral cycles that encourage politicians to focus on issues like infrastructure spending rather than long-term strategies geared towards improving quality of life (Smith).
Secondly, while many cities around the world have already started moving toward more sustainable development practices such as reducing waste through recycling programs; creating walkable neighborhoods where residents can easily access shops and services without relying on cars; preserving open spaces like parks or forests which provide habitat for wildlife; and investing in renewable energy sources like solar power – these efforts are often hampered by limited funding (Smith).
Thirdly, there is also a need to involve communities themselves if they are going to be successful at implementing such strategies because no matter how well-intentioned policies may sound on paper, it will ultimately fail without buy-in from residents who make up these cities. Smith cites examples of this phenomenon including: Boston’s Green Ribbon Panel which was designed to involve local citizens in creating sustainability goals but ended up having little impact due largely because many people did not attend meetings or participate online (Smith).
Finally, there is the question of how best to balance innovation with other needs like housing affordability and providing basic services such as water access. In order for cities to improve their livability while still promoting economic growth they will need to find creative ways to address these challenges without sacrificing either objective (Smith).
The author concludes by making several recommendations which are aimed at encouraging governments, business leaders and citizens alike to take action towards improving cities in this manner: invest more public resources into infrastructure projects such as building or renovating schools; create stronger partnerships between local universities/research institutions and municipal administrators so they can collaboratively design solutions based upon scientific findings; implement programs that promote community engagement like participatory budgeting where residents have a say in how funds are allocated (Smith).
In conclusion, Robert C. Smith’s book City Rising makes an important contribution to the ongoing debate surrounding urban development and its implications for improving human well-beining while also providing valuable insights into how cities can be designed better through innovation. The author effectively illustrates his points by using examples from various countries around the world, thereby giving readers access to a diverse range of case studies that demonstrate both successes and failures in urban planning efforts (Smith).
This text provides useful guidance for policymakers at all levels as well as those involved with private enterprise seeking ways to create more livable cities. It offers thoughtful analysis on what it takes to make progress towards this goal – not just through new technologies but also by fostering inclusive communities where everyone has a voice in shaping their environment (Smith).
While some may argue that certain aspects of Smith’s proposed approach are unrealistic given current economic conditions or political realities, his work should still serve as an inspiring blueprint for those seeking to improve urban life around the globe.
