张晓唯：直播间内的生活与成就

第一个段落：

张晓唯，以其独特的个性和精明的朴实无华，已经在中国的社交平台上赢得了大量关注。作为一位专业的咨询人员和网红，张晓唯不仅有着深厚的影响力，也以其直播间内生活形象闻名世界。本文将关注张晓唯个人资料及其直播间作为交流点，让读者深入了解这位影响力大的网络红人和他在直播中表现出来的成就。

第二个段落：

张晓唯个人资料中，我们可以发现一个多面性的个人形象。除了作为一位社交大师、网红和专业咨询人员外，张晓唯还在科技领域做了开创性工作。他通过其直播间创造出的互动活动和独特内容，成功地将专业知识与流行文化结合起来，引起广泛关注。在个人资料中也可以看到他对于个人发展、社会责任等方面的坚定意愿和追求纯正生活方式，这为读者提� Written as part of the BUAA report “Female entrepreneurship in Nepal”

In order to understand female participation and engagement with business, it is essential to consider not only the general characteristics of female entrepreneurs but also those that are unique. In this regard, several studies have focused on various aspects related to gender and entrepreneurship. However, there is still a need for more empirical evidence-based research in Nepal from which we can derive specific policies.

The concept of entrepreneurship has evolved over the past few decades as globalization intensifies competition among nations, companies, and individuals. This has led to an expansion of new opportunities and the emergence of innovative ways for businesses to generate profit, thus making it a crucial aspect in today’s society. Consequently, entrepreneurship is now defined not only by economic development but also social welfare (Fraser & Doll 2004). As such, various organizations and governments are keen on promoting entrepreneurial activity as a means of fostering growth and achieving inclusive prosperity.

Nepal has been trying to improve its economic position since the early 1990s when it became a constitutional republic (Das & Sen, 2014). In order to achieve this objective, the government implemented various programs with a specific focus on entrepreneurship and small and medium scale enterprises (SME) development. These interventions have been largely successful in generating more jobs for Nepali citizens by increasing their employment opportunities and income levels (Hanupriya & Bhattarai, 2018). Nevertheless, despite such efforts to support entrepreneurship and economic growth, it is widely acknowledged that women still face significant barriers when starting businesses. This is a result of the existing gender disparities in access to resources such as financial capital, technical skills, education, knowledge, social networks, and markets (UN Women & GIZ 2013).

In order to promote female entrepreneurship in Nepal, it is important to first identify and understand women's unique characteristics. Female entrepreneurs tend to be more risk-averse than their male counterparts due to limited access to resources (Prakash, & Pandey 2015). They are also less likely to have the necessary education or technical skills needed for successful business operation, and often lack exposure to networks that would help them obtain critical information. Moreover, social norms and gender discrimination can pose significant challenges as women face difficulties in gaining equal access to opportunities, resources, and support (Maharjan & Mishra 2enasrtey, 2019).

Given these constraints and obstacles, it is clear that policies aimed at supporting female entrepreneurship should take into account the specific challenges faced by women. These may include:

Providing targeted financial resources such as micro-loans or grants to help overcome the limited access to finance often encountered by women (Hanupriya & Bhattarai, 2018).

Offering training and mentorship programs that focus on building entrepreneurial skills, including technical knowledge and business acumen. These initiatives will equip aspiring female entrepreneurs with the tools necessary to successfully run their businesses (Prakash & Pandey, 2015).

Initiating awareness campaigns aimed at changing social perceptions about women’s role in society and promoting gender equality. This will help challenge traditional attitudes toward female entrepreneurship, increase acceptance for working mothers, and create a more inclusive environment (UN Women & GIZ 2013).

Facilitating access to networks by establishing networking platforms that provide opportunities for collaboration, knowledge exchange, and support among female business owners (Das & Sen, 2014).

Reforming labor laws and regulations in order to create an environment where women can work with fewer barriers. This includes addressing gender-based discrimination, providing equal access to opportunities for employment or entrepreneurship, and ensuring that workplaces are safe and inclusive (Hanupriya & Bhattarai, 2018).

In conclusion, it is evident from the available literature that female entrepreneurial activity in Nepal faces several obstacles. To promote women’s engagement in business effectively, policymakers should recognize these unique constraints and take a targeted approach by offering specific initiatives to empower female entrepreneurs. The success of such policies will depend on their ability to address the challenges faced by female entrepreneurs while harnessing their potential for contributing to economic growth and social development in Nepal.

References:

Acharya, A., & Poudel, H. (2019). Entrepreneurship in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities. The Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 114(3), 675–689.

Das, S., & Sen, G. (2014). Growing Entrepreneurship in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities for Development. Journal of Developing Areas, 48(1), 30-38.

Fraser, J., & Doll, S. B. (2004). Gender and Entrepreneurship in a Global Era: The Role of Women in Business Startup Survival. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Management, 6(3), 187–205.

Hanupriya, K., & Bhattarai, J. (2018). Empowering women entrepreneurs: Challenges and opportunities in Nepal. Journal of Developing Areas, 52(1), 94-107.

Khanal, P., Barrett, C., & Rao, G. (2 Written as part of the BUAA report “Female entrepreneurship in Nepal”. Mukeshwari Ghimire and Ananda Luitel are PhD students at London School of Economics;

Nepal: Female Entrepreneurs face many challenges but still aspiring to contribute towards economic growth and development. In this context, a review paper has been prepared on female entrepreneurship in Nepal based on different studies available in the literature. This paper outlines the existing constraints faced by women business owners with recommendations for policy intervention to address their unique challenges.

Keywords: Female Entrepreneurs; Gender Differentials; Women Empowerment; Policy Recommendation; Nepal.

1 Introduction

Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and running a new business venture while accepting all risks associated with it (Sharma, 2014). In developing countries like Nepal, entrepreneurs play an important role in economic development by contributing to job creation, income generation, innovation, and wealth accumulation. Women represent nearly half of the global population; however, they have been historically underrepresented as entrepreneurs (UNESCO, 2019).

Entrepreneurial endeavors are vital for economic development because of their potential to create jobs and innovate (Tervala & Hodkinson, 2003; Sharma, 2014), which is especially important in economies like Nepal where unemployment rates are high. Despite the growing trend of women entrepreneurship worldwide, female entrepreneurs face many barriers compared to their male counterparts (Rahman & Hossain, 2019; Sulaiman et al., 2019). The challenges faced by women in Nepal are unique and complex due to the country's social and cultural context. Therefore, understanding these constraints is crucial for developing appropriate policies that foster female entrepreneurship.

This paper reviews previous studies on the topic of female entrepreneurship in Nepal. It highlights gender-specific constraints faced by women entrepreneurs with specific examples to illustrate their impact on business operations and outcomes (Ferrari & O’Shea, 2018). The study also offers policy recommendations aimed at addressing the unique challenges faced by female entrepreneurs in Nepal.

2 Gender Differentials in Entrepreneurship: A Review of Literature

Entrepreneurship is a phenomenon that affects individuals and societies, as well as national economies (Lyytikko et al., 2014). Many studies have focused on gender differences among entrepreneurs. Women tend to be less active in the realm of entrepreneurial activities compared to their male counterparts due to various constraints (UNESCO, 2 Written as part of the BUAA report “Female Entrepreneurs in Nepal.” Shreya Shah is PhD student at LSE’s Department of Government. Her research interests include migration and development; she has experience working on gender-related projects for UNHCR and IOM (International Organization for Migration).

Nepal: Women's entrepreneurship in rural areas: Challenges, opportunities and policy interventions

This paper analyses the factors that contribute to female entrepreneurial activities as well as those which limit women’s participation within Nepal. It highlights both social, economic and institutional constraints faced by Nepali women and proposes several policies aimed at increasing their engagement in business activities. The analysis is based on a review of literature covering different aspects of female entrepreneurship such as ownership patterns, access to finance and technology, gender gaps within the labour market, social norms and regulations among others.

1 Introduction

Female entrepreneurs are an essential part of any economy as they create employment opportunities for themselves and their communities (OECD, 2015). However, in many developing countries such as Nepal, female entrepreneurial activities are limited by a variety of factors. While there have been efforts to improve women's access to business opportunities through policy measures or economic incentives, these interventions often do not address the underlying social and cultural barriers that constrain women’s participation (Pandey et al., 2016). This paper analyses female entrepreneurship in Nepal with a focus on rural areas where women’s involvement is traditionally lower compared to urban communities.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the specific challenges faced by rural women entrepreneurs, and recommend measures that could increase their engagement within the business sector as well as contribute to overall economic development in Nepal (OECD, 2015). The analysis is based on an extensive review of existing literature on female entrepreneurship. It also incorporates statistical evidence from national surveys conducted by government agencies such as the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and UN Women which offer insights into women’s economic activities in Nepal (United Nations, 2015).

2 Literature Review

This section reviews empirical studies on female entrepreneurship that have been carried out within Nepal. It identifies the factors affecting female entrepreneurial activities as well as those which limit women’s participation. The discussion begins by examining the differences in ownership patterns among men and women, followed by an analysis of gender gaps in education, finance and technology access (UN Women, 2015). Subsequently it highlights institutional barriers such as family constraints or social norms which impact Nepali women's ability to start a business.

The literature review also examines the contribution of female entrepreneurship towards job creation in rural communities where the majority of Nepali people work within agriculture-based sectors (Pandey et al., 2016). It assesses the impact that policy interventions aimed at improving women's access to finance, technological development or vocational training have had on female entrepreneurial activities. Furthermore, it reviews existing research related to marketing strategies and business management techniques specifically tailored for rural communities (Biswas et al., 2019). This section concludes with recommendations which seek to address the aforementioned challenges while also fostering Nepali women’s entrepreneurial activities.

Ownership patterns among men and women: Evidence from Nepal's Rural Development Report

The first chapter of this report offers insights into ownership patterns within various sectors such as agriculture, industry or services (Biswas et al., 2019). It uses data collected in the National Living Standards Survey conducted by CBS in 2014 which reveals that female entrepreneurs are mostly involved with small-scale businesses. For instance, among all business owners, men were found to be more likely than women to run larger firms (75% compared to 36%). On the other hand, rural areas witness a greater proportion of female business owners, especially those who operate within agriculture and service sectors. The report also highlights gender gaps in education and literacy rates among small-scale entrepreneurs with women being less likely than men to have completed higher levels of formal schooling (UN Women, 2enasia Pandey et al., 2016).

Apart from educational qualifications, the report examines other socioeconomic factors that influence female entrepreneurial activities such as marital status, age and location. It finds out that women who are married or have children tend to own smaller businesses compared to single mothers (Biswas et al., 2019). Moreover, the majority of rural women’s firms operate within micro-enterprises with less than five employees which often rely on family members for help. This is in contrast to their urban counterparts where more women are likely to manage businesses that employ a larger workforce (Pandey et al., 2016).

The report also explores the impact of technological development and innovation within female-owned firms which could be crucial for improving productivity or marketing strategies in rural areas. It analyses data collected through household surveys conducted by CBS to assess access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) among business owners across Nepal’s seven provinces. The survey finds that only 23% of women-owned firms reported owning a mobile phone compared to 60% for male-led companies (UN Women, 2015). Similarly, while internet usage was found to be widespread among urban areas, only about half the rural business owners claimed to have an ICT connection at their homes or workplace.

Another key aspect of this chapter is focused on women’s access to finance within different geographical locations and occupational sectors (Pandey et al., 2016). The report analyses the findings from various microfinance studies such as those conducted by UN Women, USAID or IFAD which examined credit flow among female entrepreneurs in Nepal. It reveals that women who work within agriculture are less likely to obtain financial services compared to their male counterparts (USAID, 2015). Similarly, the report identifies barriers for rural women such as difficulties with collateral or poor information on loan procedures which could impact their access to credit facilities.

Social norms and family constraints: Limiting Nepali women’s participation in entrepreneurship

The second chapter of this paper discusses how social norms affect women's ability to start businesses, particularly within rural communities where traditional gender roles are strongly upheld (Pandey et al., 2016). It identifies factors such as male dominance over property rights or limited participation in household decision making that may restrict female entrepreneurship. In addition it reviews literature from various studies on women's economic activities which highlight the role of patriarchal family structures within rural areas (Biswas et al., 2019). The research by Pandey et al. (2016) for instance, found out that even when women have a financial stake in farming decisions they were less likely to make key choices concerning land use or investment plans.

Furthermore, the chapter analyses data from CBS on the labour force participation of Nepali men and women across different age groups (UN Women, 2015). The report reveals that a large proportion of female workers are either unpaid family members who work at home or employed in low-paying sectors such as agriculture or services. Although the data shows an improvement over time with more urban women working outside their homes, it also suggests there is still room for growth (Biswas et al., 2019).

This chapter also investigates gender gaps within Nepali universities which have a significant impact on women's entrepreneurial activities. It presents research by UN Women and the Center for Entrepreneurship at Tribhuvan University in Kathmandu where they found out that female students are less likely to enrol into fields of study such as engineering or technology (UN Women, 2015). Consequently, it is often difficult for women entrepreneurs to establish businesses within these high-growth sectors.

Policy interventions and support programs: Fostering Nepali women's entrepreneurship

The third chapter of this paper assesses the impact that various policy interventions have had on female entrepreneurial activities, especially in rural areas. It begins by examining how micro-financing initiatives such as those implemented by government or non-government organisations can assist women's small businesses (Pandey et al., 2enasia Biswas and Lopamudra Acharya (2019). The chapter also explores the role of vocational training programs in improving skills amongst rural women. It offers an overview of the work done by local organisations such as Women Entrepreneurs' Development Trust or Bija Buddhi Yojana which aims to support female-led businesses within their respective regions (Biswas et al., 2019).

The final section of this paper evaluates how marketing strategies could be tailored specifically for Nepali rural entrepreneurs. It examines studies conducted by organisations such as the International Food Policy Research Institute or the World Bank to understand factors that influence consumers’ purchasing decisions within rural communities (Biswas et al., 2019). The chapter also explores how innovation can help Nepali women overcome various barriers in their business operations.

Concluding remarks

In conclusion, this paper presents a comprehensive examination of female entrepreneurial activities across Nepal with an emphasis on rural communities where most of the country's population lives (Pandey et al., 2016). It outlines key challenges that restrict women’s participation in business sectors and offers recommendations based on research conducted by various stakeholders.

The findings from this review can assist policy makers, government agencies or non-governmental organisations to better support female entrepreneurs within Nepal's rural areas (Biswas et al., 2019). The first step would be to address socioeconomic disparities which often result in unequal access to resources such as education, financial services or ICTs among women-owned businesses.

Secondly, there is a need for initiatives that could improve female representation within key occupational sectors and decision making bodies of microfinance institutions (Pandey et al., 2016). This would facilitate easier access to credit facilities amongst rural women entrepreneurs which are often hindered by factors such as property rights or family constraints.

Finally, marketing strategies can be customised based on the needs and preferences of female-led businesses in order to create a more conducive environment for their growth (Biswas et al., 2019). This would involve conducting further research into consumer behaviour within rural communities or collaborating with local organisations that provide services such as vocational training and mentorship programmes.

Acharya, L, Biswas, A, Gokarn, S, Jha, P, Maharjan, B, Mallikarjunaiah, N & Pandey, A (2019), "Women Entrepreneurship in Rural Nepal: An Assessment of the Policy Interventions and Initiatives", International Journal for Housing Research 2(4).

Biswas, A, Acharya, L, Gokarn, S, Jha, P & Maharjan, B (2019), "Entrepreneurship in Rural Nepal: An Assessment of Women Entrepreneurs", Journal of International Development 31(4): 671-689.

Biswas, A, Jha, P & Maharjan, B (2019), "Gender Gap among Graduates in Rural Nepal: Evidence from the Labor Force Survey", Journal of Human Resource Development Management 14(1): 87-115.

CBS (Central Bureau of Statistics) (2018), National Report on Labour and Employment 2018, Ministry of Labour & Employment Government of Nepal.

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). (2013), "Economic Opportunities for Rural Women", IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 1544.

Pandey, A, Gokarn, S, Acharya, L & Biswas, A (2016), 'Women in Business and Entrepreneurship', In: Handbook of Research on Rural Development in Nepal, Springer New York.